In order to control the TB epidemic in China, developing suitable strategies for LTBI management is of utmost importance. In addition, the population of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in China is hundreds of millions. According to the 2022 WHO TB report, the global number of people provided with TB preventive treatment in 2021 was 3.5 million. The implementation of preventive treatment is beset with numerous obstacles due to its lack of objective treatment indication and effect evaluation index, which seriously affects the realization of the global END TB strategy. However, in the absence of an effective vaccine, TB preventive treatment is currently a difficulty in global TB control. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment as a key intervention strategy. Further studies are warranted to explore its value in preventive treatment monitoring due to limited available data and extensive between-study heterogeneity. Conclusions: Our results suggested that decreased INF-γ was observed among those who completed preventive treatment but not in those without preventive treatment. Subgroup analysis showed that the INF-γ level after treatment decreased significantly from baseline among studies with high TB burden (−0.98, 95% CI: −1.21, −0.75) and among those with a history of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination (−0.87, 95% CI: −1.10, −0.63). Twenty-six biomarkers or testing methods were identified regarding TB preventive treatment monitoring. Results: Eleven eligible studies, published during 2006–2022, were included in the meta-analysis, with frequently heterogeneous results. The biomarker levels during preventive treatment were quantitatively summarized by means of meta-analysis using the random-effect model. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science up to 9 February 2023. Background: There is a need to identify alternative biomarkers to predict tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment response because observing the incidence decline renders a long follow-up period.
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